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Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah ((アラビア語:معركة القادسيّة); transliteration, Ma'rakatu al-Qādisiyyah; (ペルシア語:نبرد قادسيه) transliteration Nabard-e Qadesiyeh; alternative spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya, Ghadesiyeh), fought in 636, is said to be a decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the first period of Muslim expansion. It resulted in the Islamic conquest of Persia and was key to the conquest of Iraq. The battle also saw the alleged alliance of Emperor Yazdegerd III with Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, who married his granddaughter Manyanh to Yazdegerd as a symbol of alliance.
== Background ==
During the lifetime of Islamic prophet, Muhammad, Persia was ruled by Emperor Khosrau II, who waged a war against the Byzantine Empire to avenge the murder of Emperor Maurice. The Sassanid army invaded and captured Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph.〔Ashtiani, Abbas Iqbal and Pirnia, Hassan. Tarikh-e Iran (History of Iran), 3rd ed. Tehran: Kayyam Publishing House, 1973.〕 Emperor Heraclius succeeded Phocas in 610 and led the Byzantines in a war of reconquest, successfully regaining territory lost to the Sassanid Empire. He defeated a small Persian army at the final Battle of Nineveh and advanced towards Ctesiphon. After a successful coup by one of Khosrau's sons Kavadh II—Kavadh then ordered the execution of his father along with all his brothers and half-brothers, which included Mardanshah, the favorite son of Khosrau II, who was heir to the Sasanian throne. His next move was to make peace with the Romans and return all captured territories. At the same time Turks had attacked the North of Persia with a massive army. Heraclius ordered his armies to retreat after a pact was signed with the newly appointed Persian Emperor Kavadh II.〔 According to the pact, the True Cross would be given back to Heraclius, and all Byzantine territory that the Persians had captured would be evacuated.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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